{"id":64794,"date":"2023-01-30T00:00:00","date_gmt":"2023-01-30T00:00:00","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/64794\/historical-snapshot-alexander-the-great-captures-tyre"},"modified":"2023-05-19T14:19:27","modified_gmt":"2023-05-19T14:19:27","slug":"historical-snapshot-alexander-the-great-captures-tyre","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/en\/64794\/historical-snapshot-alexander-the-great-captures-tyre\/","title":{"rendered":"Historical Snapshot: Alexander The Great Captures Tyre"},"content":{"rendered":"If you\u2019ve ever sat with a Lebanese grandpa or uncle for a while, you\u2019ve probably been told the tale of Alexander and Tyre. The great Greek king of Macedon laid eyes on Tyre during his campaign against the Persians, and what would follow is a classic story of Tyrian defiance and Alexandrian wrath. Buckle up because we\u2019re about to travel back to 332 BC.<br \/>  <br \/>  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/64794.png\"> <br \/>  <br \/>  At that point in history, Tyre and the rest of Phoenicia were part of the Persian Achaemenid Empire. The historic kingdom was incorporated into the empire under the reign of its founder, Cyrus the Great. The Phoenicians came to form an important part of the empire, acting as a gateway into the Mediterranean and an important trade and fleet hub for the emerging Persians.<br \/>  <br \/>  After a failed rebellion by King Tennos in Sidon around 345 BC, the Persians completely destroyed the city, allowing Tyre to grow into the most prominent city on the Phoencian Mediterranean coast. By Alexander\u2019s arrival in 332, Tyre was home to 40,000 people and acted as a strategic base for the empire.<br \/>  <br \/>  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/64794-1.png\"> <br \/>  <br \/>  At the time, the main portion of Tyre was an island 1km off the coast. It had huge 45 meter tall walls that hugged its entire shore line and made it almost impenetrable. Inside the island was a temple dedicated to Melqart, which Alexander the Great requested access to. The Tyrians refused access to Alexander, first telling him to use the inland temple, and the second time killing his delegates and throwing them over their walls and into the depth of the sea. Alexander was obviously quite enraged by this.<br \/>  <br \/>  Since the Macedonian army could not take the city by conventional means, they had to get creative. Lacking a navy, Alexander the Great ordered the construction of a path across a natural land bridge around two meters deep. The causeway was made of stone and remains to this day. However, when they approached the island the sea proved too deep to traverse.<br \/>  <br \/>  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/64794-2.png\"> <br \/>  <br \/>  Failing to reach the walls, Alexander ordered the construction of two great 50 meter tall siege towers to bomb the city. The Tyrians proved too smart for this ploy however. Seeing Alexander\u2019s overextended sea siege, the Tyrians rigged up a former horse transport ship with combustibles such as sulfur and dried branches. Setting it on fire, they sent the ship towards the new Macedonian platform, destroying it and most of the existing siege equipment through a subsequent surprise attack.<br \/>  <br \/>  Defeated, Alexander reflected and accepted that he would need a navy to take the city. Fortunately, the king of Macedon had just secured the fleets of conquered Byblos, Awrad, and Sidon, in addition to receiving support from the 120-ship strong Cypriot fleet. Leading a fleet of more than 200 ships, Alexander now had a strong hold on the sea.<br \/>  <br \/>  <img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/05\/64794-3.png\"> <br \/>  <br \/>  Immediately, Alexander blockaded the ports of Tyre and began dismantling the walls with crane ships. The Tyrians attempted to resist and launch a counter attack, by targeting the siege equipment while Alexander was supposed to return to the mainland for lunch. Unfortunately, Alexander had decided to remain on this occasion and personally fought back against the intrusion.<br \/>  <br \/>  Alexander the Great finally breached the island\u2019s walls on the southern side, and launched an invasion into the city. The king was personally involved in the attack, extracting a heavy toll for Tyre\u2019s resistance. After capturing the city, he pardoned everyone inside the Melqart temple, killed 6,000 fighters, crucified 2,000 on the beach, and sold 30,000 into slavery. <br \/>  <br \/>  <B>Sources<\/b><br \/>  <br \/>  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.livius.org\/articles\/battle\/tyre-332-bce\/\"target\"_new\">The siege of Tyre (332 BCE)<\/a> <br \/>  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.johndclare.net\/AncientHistory\/Alexander_Sources5.html\"target\"_new\">Arrian on the Siege of Tyre (332bc)<\/a> <br \/>  <br \/>  <B>More Like This<\/b><br \/>  <br \/>  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/l\/64728\"target\"_new\">Historical Snapshot: Exploring Phoenicia&#8217;s Royal Purple Dye<\/a><br \/>  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/l\/64626\"target\"_new\">Historical Snapshot: The First Christmas Flight to Beirut<\/a> <br \/>  <a href=\"https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/l\/64422\"target\"_new\">Historical Snapshot: When Russia Occupied Beirut<\/a>    <figure class=\"wp-block-gallery has-nested-images columns-default is-cropped 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src=\"https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/64794-5-250x157.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-424425\" srcset=\"https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/64794-5-250x157.png 250w, https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/64794-5-600x378.png 600w, https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/64794-5-1024x645.png 1024w, https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/64794-5-768x484.png 768w, https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/64794-5-1536x967.png 1536w, https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/64794-5.png 1764w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 250px) 100vw, 250px\" \/><\/figure><figure class=\"wp-block-image size-large\" ><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"250\" height=\"191\" data-id=\"424427\" src=\"https:\/\/www.beirut.com\/wp-content\/uploads\/2023\/04\/64794-6-250x191.png\" alt=\"\" class=\"wp-image-424427\" 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Tyre.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":102,"featured_media":424429,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_preview_accessed":0,"footnotes":""},"tags":[1094,1095],"media-embed-type":[],"class_list":["post-64794","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-blog","tag-historicalsnapshot","tag-jnoub"],"authorship":[74],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO Premium plugin v27.3 (Yoast SEO v27.3) - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-premium-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Historical Snapshot: Alexander The Great Captures Tyre<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"If you\u2019ve ever sat with a Lebanese grandpa or uncle for a while, you\u2019ve probably been told the tale of Alexander and Tyre.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" 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